Compared to free cooling, mechanical cooling requires substantial electrical input, which ultimately contributes to more heat being rejected.

The Design to Value approach relies fundamentally on close collaboration between a wider range of experts than is seen in conventional projects, particularly including business functions.These experts are actively involved in the definition and search for solutions on an equal footing with the engineering and architectural people who would normally be considered part of the project team.. We also use an iterative approach to pharmaceutical facility design, recognising that good solutions emerge from exploration of all the options.

So our chances of finding the optimum solution are increased when compared to more linear design approaches..There are four principles that enable us to operate in this way:.A common language allows people with diverse areas of expertise, including those not normally involved in design and construction, to participate fully in design decisions.

This is much more effective than a conventional approach where you might produce engineering drawings or documentation and then hand them to a user group who will then take additional time to review and pass comment.And, of course, if people are fully involved in generating solutions, they're more likely to adopt them..

Visual information is vital in communicating complex issues.

A generally accepted principle in systems thinking is that diagrams are required to convey complex issues in a way that text generally can't.. We also use modeling and data visualisation, to ensure that decisions are based on facts and data, rather than opinion and hunches.This is significantly out of range for any of the prospects for renewables until 2050, largely because they are very dispersed, dilute energy sources.

Despite building renewables in windy and sunny places, and combining them to increase the capacity factors, there’s still a cost to transport those fuels around the world, leading to high prices.In contrast, with advanced heat sources, it’s possible to move into a shipyard based manufacturing environment to make offshore production platforms.

These large, floating platforms are akin to what the oil and gas industries use today, and would enable us to achieve extremely low costs..In essence, the proposed model here is the same as for repowering coal.